We’ve all pondered this question at some point: is food cheaper in New Brunswick? Whether you’re a budget-conscious shopper or simply curious about regional price differences, understanding the cost of groceries can be a valuable insight for anyone. In this article, we’ll uncover the truth about food prices in New Brunswick, examining factors such as location, competition, and unique local offerings that may affect the affordability of grocery shopping in this Canadian province. Prepare to be enlightened as we delve into the world of food economics in New Brunswick.
Is Food Cheaper In New Brunswick?
Table of Contents
Cost of Living in New Brunswick
Overview of New Brunswick
New Brunswick is a province located on the eastern coast of Canada, known for its stunning natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. With a population of approximately 780,000 people, it is one of the smaller provinces in Canada. The cost of living in New Brunswick is generally lower compared to more populous provinces such as Ontario and British Columbia. However, when it comes to the cost of food, there are several factors that influence the prices and affect the overall expenses for residents.
Factors Influencing Cost of Living
Several factors come into play when considering the cost of living in New Brunswick. First and foremost, the population density in the province is relatively low compared to other provinces. This lower population density can lead to higher transportation costs for goods and services, including food. The availability and accessibility of transportation routes, such as highways and railways, also play a role in determining the cost of importing and distributing food in the province.
Another factor that influences the cost of living in New Brunswick is its geographical location. Being situated on the eastern coast of Canada, New Brunswick relies heavily on imports for a significant portion of its food supply. This reliance on imported goods can result in higher prices due to shipping costs, import taxes, and tariffs.
Moreover, the seasonality of the region affects the availability and cost of certain food items. New Brunswick experiences cold winters, which can limit the availability of locally grown produce during those months. As a result, residents may have to rely more on imported fruits and vegetables, which can be more expensive.
Comparison with Other Provinces
In comparison to other provinces in Canada, the cost of living in New Brunswick tends to be lower. This includes housing costs, transportation expenses, and even food prices. While major cities like Toronto and Vancouver experience higher living costs, New Brunswick offers a more affordable lifestyle.
When it comes to food prices specifically, New Brunswick generally fares well compared to its neighboring provinces. According to the Canadian Food Price Report, New Brunswick has consistently shown lower food price inflation rates compared to provinces like Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. These lower inflation rates indicate that food prices in New Brunswick have remained relatively stable and affordable over the years.
Impact on Food Prices
The cost of living in New Brunswick does have an impact on food prices. As mentioned earlier, the transportation costs associated with importing and distributing food in the province can increase the prices of certain items. This is particularly true for products that are not locally produced or sourced. The infrastructure for transporting food across long distances can be costly, and these expenses are often passed on to the consumer.
Additionally, the reliance on imported goods in New Brunswick can make the cost of certain items susceptible to fluctuations in the global market. External factors such as trade agreements, international conflicts, and currency exchange rates can all influence the price of imported foods in the province.
The impact of food prices in New Brunswick also extends beyond the grocery store. Restaurants and cafes, which rely on a steady supply of quality ingredients, may have to adjust their prices to account for the cost of purchasing food. This, in turn, can affect the dining out experience for residents and visitors alike.
Price Comparison: Grocery Stores
Major Grocery Store Chains
New Brunswick is home to several major grocery store chains that provide residents with a variety of options for their food shopping needs. Some of the prominent chains operating in the province include Atlantic Superstore, Sobeys, Walmart, and Costco. These chains have locations throughout the province, making it convenient for residents to find a store near their homes.
Atlantic Superstore, a subsidiary of Loblaw Companies Limited, is a popular choice for many New Brunswick residents. They offer a wide range of products, including fresh produce, meat, dairy, and pantry staples. Sobeys, another well-known grocery chain, also operates numerous stores in the province, providing customers with a diverse selection of groceries.
Walmart and Costco, both multinational retailers, have also established a presence in New Brunswick. Walmart offers a broad range of products, including groceries, at competitive prices. On the other hand, Costco operates as a bulk warehouse store, allowing customers to purchase items in larger quantities at discounted rates.
Average Price of Common Food Items
The average price of common food items in New Brunswick can vary depending on the store and brand. However, certain staple items tend to have consistent pricing across different grocery stores.
For example, a loaf of bread typically ranges from $2 to $4, with variations depending on factors such as brand, type (white, whole wheat, artisan), and size. A dozen eggs can cost between $2 and $4, again depending on factors such as whether they are organic, free-range, or conventional.
Fresh fruits and vegetables can also vary in price. Apples and oranges generally range from $0.50 to $1 per piece, while a pound of tomatoes can cost around $2. Prices for leafy greens like lettuce and spinach tend to be around $2 to $3 per bunch.
When it comes to meat, poultry, and fish, prices can differ depending on the cut, quality, and whether they are fresh or frozen. On average, a pound of boneless, skinless chicken breast can cost around $5 to $7, while ground beef ranges from $4 to $6 per pound.
Discounts and Promotions
Grocery stores in New Brunswick frequently offer discounts and promotions to attract customers and provide them with cost savings. These promotions can include weekly sales, “buy one, get one free” deals, or discounted prices on specific items.
Many grocery stores also have loyalty programs that allow customers to earn points or receive special discounts on future purchases. These programs can provide meaningful savings for frequent shoppers.
In addition to in-store promotions, grocery stores often have flyers or online platforms where customers can find exclusive deals and coupons. These can be an excellent way to save money on groceries and take advantage of special offers.
Local Produce and Seafood
New Brunswick is known for its rich agricultural landscape and access to fresh seafood from the Atlantic Ocean. Residents have the opportunity to support local farmers and fishermen by purchasing locally produced goods. Not only does this contribute to the local economy, but it can also result in fresh, high-quality products.
Farmers’ markets are a popular destination for those seeking locally sourced produce, meats, and artisanal products. These markets offer a vibrant atmosphere, allowing customers to interact with producers directly and learn more about the origin of their food.
Seafood lovers can also enjoy a wide variety of fresh catches from the coast of New Brunswick. Lobsters, scallops, snow crab, and various species of fish are readily available. The proximity to the ocean means that seafood enthusiasts can indulge in some of the freshest catches possible, often at competitive prices.
Eating Out: Restaurants and Cafes
Average Prices for Meals
When it comes to dining out in New Brunswick, the average prices for meals can vary depending on the type of establishment. However, overall, the cost of eating out tends to be more affordable compared to larger cities in Canada.
On average, a meal at a mid-range restaurant can cost anywhere from $15 to $30 per person. This includes a main course, a non-alcoholic beverage, and possibly a dessert.
Fast-food establishments such as McDonald’s or Subway generally offer more budget-friendly options, with meals ranging from $7 to $12. These prices typically include a sandwich or burger, a side, and a drink.
For those seeking a higher-end dining experience, upscale restaurants in New Brunswick can have more expensive menus. Fine dining establishments, often found in major cities like Fredericton or Saint John, can charge anywhere from $40 to $100 per person for a multi-course meal.
Variety and Culinary Scene
Despite its smaller size, New Brunswick boasts a diverse culinary scene that offers something for everyone. From local specialties to international cuisine, residents and visitors alike can find a wide range of dining options.
New Brunswick takes pride in its seafood, with dishes such as lobster rolls, fried clams, and seafood chowders being popular choices. Fresh seafood is readily available, and many restaurants highlight it as a star ingredient in their menus.
In addition to seafood, New Brunswick’s culinary scene also includes other regional specialties such as Acadian cuisine, which features dishes like poutine râpée (a potato dumpling dish) and fricot (a hearty stew). These traditional dishes provide a unique culinary experience that celebrates the province’s cultural heritage.
For those with a taste for international flavors, New Brunswick is home to various ethnic restaurants. Whether it’s Italian, Indian, Vietnamese, or Mexican cuisine, residents and visitors can enjoy a global culinary journey without leaving the province.
Local vs. Chain Restaurants
New Brunswick offers a mix of both local and chain restaurants, giving diners diverse options to choose from. Local restaurants often pride themselves on using locally sourced ingredients and showcasing unique flavors that represent the region.
Supporting local restaurants can contribute to the local economy and help strengthen the community. These establishments often provide a more personalized dining experience that reflects the region’s culture and culinary traditions. Local restaurants may also have a greater ability to incorporate seasonal produce and ingredients into their menus, creating exciting and ever-changing dining options.
Chain restaurants, on the other hand, provide consistency and familiarity. They offer a predictable dining experience with established menus, pricing, and service standards. For those seeking a reliable and recognizable dining experience, chain restaurants can be a convenient choice.
Takeout and Delivery Options
In recent years, takeout and delivery options have become increasingly popular in New Brunswick, particularly with the rise of food delivery apps and online platforms. Many restaurants offer takeout services or partner with third-party delivery companies to cater to the growing demand for convenient dining options.
Takeout meals provide a way to enjoy restaurant-quality food in the comfort of one’s own home. This option is particularly appealing for busy individuals or those who prefer to dine in a familiar environment. Takeout meals can also be a cost-effective alternative, as they generally do not include additional charges such as tips or service fees.
Food delivery apps have simplified the process of ordering and delivering meals. Residents can access a range of options through their mobile devices and have their food delivered right to their doorstep. Although delivery fees may apply, the convenience and time-saving aspects of this service make it an attractive choice for many.
Food and Beverage Taxes
Sales Tax in New Brunswick
In New Brunswick, the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) is applied to most goods and services, including food and beverages. The HST combines the federal Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the provincial Retail Sales Tax (RST) into a single tax rate.
As of 2021, the HST rate in New Brunswick is 15%. This rate is applied to most food items purchased at grocery stores, restaurants, cafes, and other food establishments. The 15% HST is included in the listed price, meaning that customers do not need to calculate or add taxes separately.
It is important to note that some specific food items, such as basic groceries, are eligible for a point-of-sale exemption. This means that certain products like fresh produce, meat, dairy, and bread are not subject to the HST. However, processed or prepared foods, restaurant meals, and beverages (excluding basic groceries) are still taxed at the standard rate.
Exemptions and Rebates
While the majority of food and beverages are subject to the HST in New Brunswick, there are some exemptions and rebates available to certain individuals or organizations.
For example, the provincial government provides a point-of-sale rebate on the provincial portion of the HST for qualifying low-income individuals and families. This rebate is intended to help alleviate the financial burden of the sales tax for those who may struggle to afford basic necessities, including food.
There are also specific exemptions for certain nonprofit organizations and charities, allowing them to provide meals or food services without charging the HST. These exemptions aim to support organizations that provide essential services to vulnerable populations and promote food security initiatives.
Comparison with Other Provinces
Compared to other provinces in Canada, the HST rate in New Brunswick is relatively consistent. However, the overall cost of food and beverages can still vary depending on the province-specific tax policies or exemptions in place.
For instance, some provinces may have a lower sales tax rate than New Brunswick, which can directly affect the final price of food items. Others may have different exemptions or rebate programs that provide more significant savings for certain individuals or organizations.
It is important for residents and visitors to be aware of the tax policies and exemptions in their respective provinces to accurately budget for their food expenses.
Effects on Food Prices
The application of the HST on food and beverage purchases in New Brunswick does contribute to the overall cost of these items. The 15% tax rate is built into the listed price, which means that consumers do not need to factor in additional tax charges. However, the tax does contribute to the final cost paid by consumers.
The inclusion of the sales tax in the price can make it challenging to compare the cost of food items across different provinces, as factors such as transportation, supply chains, and regional differences in availability can also impact prices.
Nevertheless, it is essential to consider the effect of taxes when analyzing the affordability and accessibility of food in New Brunswick. The inclusion of taxes in the final price can increase the overall expense for consumers, particularly for those on limited budgets.
Transportation Costs
Freight Costs and Distribution
Transportation costs play a significant role in determining the final prices of food items in New Brunswick. Given its geographical location, the province relies heavily on transportation infrastructure for importing food from other regions and distributing it to various locations within the province.
The transport of food in New Brunswick involves multiple stages, including shipping, trucking, and warehouse distribution. These processes incur various costs such as fuel, labor, maintenance, and other associated expenses. All of these factors contribute to the transportation costs that are ultimately passed on to the consumer.
The transportation costs incurred during the importation and distribution of food can be influenced by factors like distance, volume, and demand. Longer distances or regions with lower population densities often result in higher transportation costs due to the need for more extensive logistics networks.
Accessibility to Food Suppliers
The accessibility of food suppliers also affects transportation costs and, consequently, the price of food in New Brunswick. Investments in transportation infrastructure, such as highways, railways, and ports, are key factors in ensuring efficient and cost-effective distribution channels.
The availability of well-maintained highways and railways enables smooth transportation of goods, reducing the overall costs associated with transportation. Efficient ports also allow for easier importation of food products, minimizing delays and additional expenses.
The accessibility of food suppliers can also have an impact on the variety and availability of certain food items. Areas with limited access to transportation networks may experience challenges in obtaining fresh or perishable goods, leading to higher prices or limited options.
Impact on Food Prices
The transportation costs associated with importing and distributing food in New Brunswick can influence the overall prices of food items. Factors such as distance, logistics, and infrastructure maintenance all contribute to these transportation costs.
Imported goods are particularly susceptible to transportation costs, as they often have to travel long distances to reach consumers in New Brunswick. The cost of shipping and logistics can increase the final price of these imported items, which is then passed on to the consumer.
In contrast, locally sourced or produced food items may be less affected by transportation costs, as they do not require long-distance shipping. By supporting local producers and farmers, residents of New Brunswick can often find more affordable options and contribute to a more sustainable food system.
It is important to note that while transportation costs are a significant factor in determining food prices, they are not the sole contributor. Other factors, such as supply and demand dynamics, seasonal fluctuations, and global market influences, can also affect the cost of food in New Brunswick.
Seasonal and Regional Variations
Availability of Local Produce
New Brunswick’s climate and geography play a significant role in determining the availability of local produce throughout the year. The province experiences distinct seasons, with cold winters and warm summers, which can impact the types of fruits and vegetables that can be grown locally.
During the summer months, New Brunswick’s fertile soil and favorable growing conditions allow for a wide variety of produce to be harvested. Local farmers’ markets and roadside stands offer an abundance of fresh and locally grown fruits and vegetables, including strawberries, blueberries, corn, tomatoes, and various leafy greens.
However, the availability of local produce during the winter months is more limited. The colder temperatures and shorter growing season make it challenging to grow certain crops. As a result, residents may have to rely more on imported produce during this time, which can be more expensive due to transportation costs and decreased supply.
Price Fluctuations Based on Season
Seasonal variations can also lead to fluctuations in food prices in New Brunswick. When local produce is in abundance during the growing season, prices can be more affordable due to increased supply. Conversely, when certain items are out of season or in limited supply, prices may rise to reflect the scarcity.
For example, during the summer months, locally grown fruits and vegetables are plentiful, leading to lower prices. Consumers can take advantage of this abundance by purchasing in-season produce and supporting local farmers. However, during the winter months, when the availability of certain fresh produce decreases, prices may rise due to higher transportation costs and limited supply.
It is worth noting that food prices can be influenced by other factors as well, such as regional demand, international market conditions, and global events that impact supply chains. These external factors can contribute to price fluctuations and affect the overall cost of food in New Brunswick.
Imported vs. Locally Sourced Food
The availability of imported and locally sourced food in New Brunswick can significantly impact the cost of food items. Imported goods often incur higher transportation costs, which can contribute to higher prices compared to locally sourced products.
However, supporting locally sourced food can have its own benefits and contribute to the local economy. By purchasing local products, consumers can reduce their carbon footprint by minimizing the distance food has to travel. Furthermore, supporting local farmers and producers helps sustain the agricultural sector in the region, preserving farmland and ensuring food security.
While locally sourced food may not always be the most affordable option, it provides an opportunity to connect with the community and experience the flavors and quality associated with fresh, locally grown produce.
Cost of Food Staples
Bread, Grains, and Rice
The cost of bread, grains, and rice in New Brunswick can vary depending on factors such as brand, type, and quantity. Generally, these staple items tend to be affordable and readily available in grocery stores throughout the province.
A loaf of bread can range from $2 to $4, depending on factors such as brand, variety (white, whole wheat, artisan), and size. Similarly, the price of grains and rice can vary based on factors like brand, packaging size, and whether they are organic or conventional.
Bulk bins and bulk warehouse stores may offer cost savings on items such as rice and grains, allowing customers to purchase these staples in larger quantities at discounted rates.
Meat, Poultry, and Fish
The cost of meat, poultry, and fish in New Brunswick can vary depending on the cut, quality, and whether the products are fresh or frozen. Prices can also fluctuate due to market conditions, seasonal availability, and global factors such as trade agreements.
On average, a pound of boneless, skinless chicken breast can cost around $5 to $7. Ground beef ranges from $4 to $6 per pound, while steak cuts can vary significantly based on the grade and type.
Fish and seafood prices are influenced by factors such as availability, catch size, and quality. New Brunswick’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean allows residents to enjoy a variety of seafood options, including lobsters, scallops, snow crab, and different species of fish. Prices for seafood can vary depending on the species, quality, and whether it is purchased fresh or frozen.
Fruits and Vegetables
The cost of fruits and vegetables in New Brunswick can vary depending on the season, availability, and whether the products are locally sourced or imported. Seasonal local produce often offers more affordable options, as transportation costs are reduced and supply is more plentiful.
Prices for fruits such as apples, oranges, and bananas generally range from $0.50 to $1 per piece. The cost of berries, such as strawberries or blueberries, can vary based on the season and availability.
For vegetables, prices are dependent on factors such as the type of produce, season, and whether it is locally sourced. Prices for leafy greens like lettuce and spinach typically range from $2 to $3 per bunch, while root vegetables such as potatoes and carrots tend to be more affordable.
Dairy Products
Dairy products, including milk, cheese, and yogurt, are staple items for many households in New Brunswick. These products are readily available in grocery stores throughout the province and are generally affordable.
The cost of dairy products can vary depending on factors such as brand, type (regular, organic), and quantity. A liter of milk usually ranges from $1.50 to $2.50, while a block of cheese can vary in price depending on factors such as variety (cheddar, mozzarella, Swiss) and size.
Yogurt prices typically range from $1 to $2 per individual serving. Buying yogurt in larger containers or multipacks can provide cost savings for those who consume it regularly.
Comparison with Neighboring Provinces
Nova Scotia
When comparing the cost of food in New Brunswick to neighboring Nova Scotia, there are some similarities and differences to consider. Both provinces share similar regional climates and rely on importing food due to their coastal locations.
In terms of overall food prices, New Brunswick generally fares well compared to Nova Scotia. According to the Canadian Food Price Report, New Brunswick has consistently shown lower food price inflation rates compared to Nova Scotia. This indicates that food prices in New Brunswick have remained relatively stable over the years.
However, regional variations and proximity to specific markets can lead to some differences in food prices between the two provinces. Factors such as transportation costs, availability of local produce, and infrastructure investments can influence the prices of specific food items.
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI) is another neighboring province of New Brunswick, and it is known for its agricultural industry and seafood exports. When comparing the cost of food in New Brunswick to PEI, there are notable similarities and differences.
Both provinces face similar challenges in terms of distance and transportation costs for imports and exports. However, PEI’s smaller size and self-sufficiency in certain food products, such as potatoes, can result in different pricing dynamics.
PEI’s local produce, particularly potatoes, can be more readily available and affordable due to the province’s prominent agricultural industry. On the other hand, New Brunswick’s larger population and diverse culinary scene may offer a wider range of food options, including international cuisine.
Quebec
Quebec, a larger province with a more significant population than New Brunswick, offers its residents a diverse culinary scene and access to a wide range of food products. When comparing the cost of food in Quebec to New Brunswick, some differences can be observed.
Quebec’s larger population and more substantial urban centers can lead to increased competition among grocery stores and restaurants, potentially resulting in more competitive pricing. However, regional variations, particularly in remote or rural areas, may have their own pricing dynamics based on factors like transportation costs and limited access to certain products.
Both provinces have robust agricultural industries, with Quebec being known for its agricultural production and New Brunswick for its seafood and agricultural products. The availability of locally sourced produce and regional specialties can contribute to a more diverse and affordable food scene in both provinces.
Maine, USA
Maine, a neighboring state in the United States, shares some similarities with New Brunswick in terms of geography and access to the Atlantic Ocean. When comparing the cost of food in Maine to New Brunswick, there are differences due to currency exchange rates, market dynamics, and international trade policies.
Currency exchange rates can fluctuate and impact the cost of imported goods. As the Canadian dollar and the US dollar exchange rates change, the relative affordability of food items in each currency may vary.
Market dynamics, such as regional demand, local supply chains, and sales tax policies, can also affect the cost of food in both Maine and New Brunswick. Differences in international trade policies, tariffs, and shipping routes can impact the availability and pricing of imported goods.
It is important to consider these factors when comparing the cost of food between different provinces and countries, as they can significantly influence the overall pricing dynamics.
Access to Discount and Specialty Stores
Bulk Warehouse Stores
Bulk warehouse stores such as Costco and similar establishments offer consumers the opportunity to purchase food items in larger quantities at discounted prices. These stores are popular among residents seeking cost-effective options for purchasing pantry staples, non-perishable goods, and household items.
Costco has several locations throughout New Brunswick, offering a wide range of products at competitive prices. Memberships are available, providing access to exclusive deals and discounted rates on items. Buying in bulk can be an effective strategy for those looking to save money in the long run, especially for frequently consumed items such as rice, pasta, or canned goods.
Bulk warehouse stores offer the convenience of one-stop shopping, allowing consumers to stock up on essential items and potentially reduce their grocery bills over time.
Ethnic and International Groceries
New Brunswick is home to a diverse population, and as a result, there is a demand for a wide range of ethnic and international food products. Ethnic and international grocery stores cater to this demand by offering a variety of products not typically found in mainstream grocery stores.
These specialized stores provide options for residents who may be seeking ingredients for specific cuisines or products that are culturally significant. They often offer a broader selection of spices, sauces, and specialty items, allowing residents to prepare authentic dishes from different regions of the world.
While prices can vary depending on the specific store and product, ethnic and international groceries can sometimes offer more affordable options for certain ingredients or products not commonly found in mainstream establishments.
Farmers’ Markets
Farmers’ markets are an integral part of New Brunswick’s food landscape and offer residents an opportunity to connect with local producers and artisans. These markets are often open during the summer months and provide a vibrant community space where consumers can purchase locally sourced food items and handmade products.
Farmers’ markets offer a diverse range of products, including fresh fruits and vegetables, meats, dairy products, baked goods, and crafts. Prices at farmers’ markets can vary depending on the product and the vendor, but they often provide an avenue for residents to purchase high-quality, locally produced goods directly from the producers.
By shopping at farmers’ markets, residents can support local farmers, artisans, and small-scale producers, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient local food system. Additionally, farmers’ markets offer the opportunity to learn about the origins of the food and interact with the people who grow or make it.
Local Co-op Stores
Local co-op stores are community-owned establishments that prioritize sustainability, fair trade, and supporting local producers. These stores tend to focus on providing ethically sourced and environmentally friendly products.
Co-op stores often have a strong emphasis on locally sourced food, working directly with local farmers and producers to ensure a consistent supply of fresh and sustainable products. This direct relationship can help reduce transportation costs and support the local economy.
Prices at co-op stores can vary depending on the specific product and the cooperative’s pricing policies. However, co-op stores often aim to provide fair and competitive prices while upholding their values of sustainability and supporting local producers.
By shopping at local co-op stores, residents can contribute to the growth and viability of the local food system while having access to a variety of high-quality, ethically sourced products.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the cost of living in New Brunswick offers many advantages compared to more populous provinces. While the overall cost of living tends to be lower, several factors influence the cost of food in the province.
Transportation costs, including importation and distribution expenses, play a significant role in determining the prices of food items. The reliance on imports and the availability of transportation infrastructure can lead to higher prices for certain goods.
Seasonal and regional variations also impact the cost and availability of food in New Brunswick. While locally sourced produce may be more affordable during the growing season, imported options can become necessary during the winter months.
Taxes, such as the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), are applied to food and beverages in New Brunswick, contributing to their overall cost. However, exemptions and rebates are available for certain individuals and organizations to help alleviate the financial burden.
Compared to neighboring provinces, the cost of living, including food prices, in New Brunswick tends to be more affordable. However, regional variations and proximity to specific markets can result in differences in pricing dynamics.
Residents have access to a variety of grocery store chains, local produce, and seafood options, providing diverse choices for food shopping. Supporting local farmers, exploring discount and specialty stores, and utilizing seasonal produce can help residents navigate the cost of food in New Brunswick.
In the end, while the cost of food in New Brunswick may vary, it is important to support local food systems, prioritize sustainability, and make informed choices that contribute to a healthy and affordable lifestyle.
